Dokta Eduardo Blumwald (dama) da Akhilesh Yadav, Ph.D., da sauran membobin ƙungiyarsu a Jami'ar California, Davis, sun gyara shinkafa don ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin ƙasa don samar da ƙarin nitrogen da tsire-tsire za su iya amfani da su. [Trina Kleist/UC Davis]
Masu bincike sun yi amfani da CRISPR don injiniyan shinkafa don ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa don gyara nitrogen da ake bukata don ci gaban su. Sakamakon binciken zai iya rage yawan takin nitrogen da ake bukata don noman amfanin gona, tare da ceton manoman Amurka biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara da kuma amfanar muhalli ta hanyar rage gurbatar yanayi.
"Tsaki sune masana'antun sinadarai masu ban mamaki," in ji Dokta Eduardo Blumwald, babban farfesa a fannin kimiyyar shuka a Jami'ar California, Davis, wanda ya jagoranci binciken. Ƙungiyarsa ta yi amfani da CRISPR don haɓaka ɓarnawar apigenin a cikin shinkafa. Sun gano cewa apigenin da sauran mahadi suna haifar da gyaran nitrogen na kwayan cuta.
An buga aikin su a cikin mujallar Plant Biotechnology ("Genetic modification of rice flavonoid biosynthesis enhances biofilm form and bioological nitrogen fixation by ground nitrogen-fixing bacteria").
Nitrogen yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka tsiro, amma tsire-tsire ba za su iya juyar da nitrogen daga iska kai tsaye zuwa wani nau'i da za su iya amfani da su ba. Maimakon haka, tsire-tsire suna dogara ne akan shayar da nitrogen maras ƙarfi, kamar ammonia, waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa a cikin ƙasa. Noman noma ya dogara ne akan amfani da takin mai ɗauke da nitrogen don ƙara yawan amfanin shuka.
"Idan tsire-tsire za su iya samar da sinadarai waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa su gyara nitrogen na yanayi, za mu iya injiniyan shuke-shuke don samar da mafi yawan wadannan sinadarai," in ji shi. "Wadannan sinadarai suna ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa don gyara nitrogen kuma tsire-tsire suna amfani da ammonium da aka samu, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar takin mai magani."
Tawagar Broomwald ta yi amfani da nazarin sinadarai da kwayoyin halitta don gano mahadi a cikin tsire-tsiren shinkafa - apigenin da sauran flavonoids - waɗanda ke haɓaka aikin gyara nitrogen na ƙwayoyin cuta.
Daga nan sai suka gano hanyoyin samar da sinadarai kuma sun yi amfani da fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta ta CRISPR don haɓaka samar da mahadi waɗanda ke ƙarfafa samuwar biofilm. Wadannan biofilms sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haɓaka canjin nitrogen. A sakamakon haka, aikin gyaran nitrogen na ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙaruwa kuma adadin ammonium da ke samuwa ga shuka yana ƙaruwa.
"Ingantattun tsire-tsire na shinkafa sun nuna karuwar yawan hatsi lokacin da aka girma a ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai iyakacin yanayi," masu binciken sun rubuta a cikin takarda. “Sakamakonmu yana tallafawa sarrafa hanyar biosynthesis na flavonoid a matsayin hanyar haifar da gyare-gyaren nitrogen a cikin hatsi da rage abun ciki na nitrogen. Amfani da taki. Dabarun gaske.”
Sauran tsire-tsire kuma za su iya amfani da wannan hanya. Jami'ar California ta nemi takardar izini kan fasahar kuma a halin yanzu tana jiran ta. Gidauniyar Will W. Lester ce ta dauki nauyin binciken. Bugu da kari, Bayer CropScience yana goyan bayan ƙarin bincike kan wannan batu.
"Takin Nitrogen yana da matukar tsada da tsada," in ji Blumwald. "Duk abin da zai iya kawar da waɗannan farashin yana da mahimmanci. A daya bangaren, batun kudi ne, amma kuma sinadarin nitrogen yana da illa ga muhalli.”
Yawancin takin da ake amfani da su sun ɓace, suna shiga cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Binciken Blumwald zai iya taimakawa kare muhalli ta hanyar rage gurbatar yanayi. "Wannan zai iya samar da wata hanyar noma mai ɗorewa wacce za ta rage yawan amfani da takin nitrogen," in ji shi.