Dr. Eduardo Blumwald (dama) da Akhilesh Yadav, Ph.D., da sauran membobin tawagarsu a Jami'ar California, Davis, sun gyara shinkafar don ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa don samar da ƙarin nitrogen da tsire-tsire za su iya amfani da su. [Trina Kleist/UC Davis]
Masu bincike sun yi amfani da CRISPR don ƙera shinkafa don ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa don daidaita nitrogen da ake buƙata don ci gaban su. Sakamakon binciken zai iya rage adadin takin nitrogen da ake buƙata don noman amfanin gona, yana adana biliyoyin daloli ga manoman Amurka kowace shekara da kuma amfanar muhalli ta hanyar rage gurɓatar nitrogen.
"Shuke-shuke masana'antun sinadarai ne masu ban mamaki," in ji Dakta Eduardo Blumwald, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar tsirrai a Jami'ar California, Davis, wanda ya jagoranci binciken. Ƙungiyarsa ta yi amfani da CRISPR don haɓaka rugujewar apigenin a cikin shinkafa. Sun gano cewa apigenin da sauran mahaɗan suna haifar da toshewar nitrogen na ƙwayoyin cuta.
An buga aikinsu a cikin mujallar Plant Biotechnology (“Gyaran kwayar halitta na shinkafa flavonoid biosynthesis yana haɓaka samuwar biofilm da kuma daidaita nitrogen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu gyara nitrogen ta ƙasa”).
Nitrogen yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban shuka, amma tsire-tsire ba za su iya canza nitrogen daga iska kai tsaye zuwa wani nau'in da za su iya amfani da shi ba. Madadin haka, tsire-tsire suna dogara ne akan shan nitrogen mara halitta, kamar ammonia, wanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa a cikin ƙasa. Noma yana dogara ne akan amfani da takin zamani masu ɗauke da nitrogen don ƙara yawan amfanin shuka.
"Idan tsire-tsire za su iya samar da sinadarai da ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa su daidaita nitrogen a yanayi, za mu iya ƙera tsire-tsire don samar da ƙarin waɗannan sinadarai," in ji shi. "Waɗannan sinadarai suna ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa su daidaita nitrogen kuma tsire-tsire suna amfani da ammonium da ke haifar da hakan, ta haka ne rage buƙatar takin sinadarai."
Ƙungiyar Broomwald ta yi amfani da nazarin sinadarai da kuma nazarin kwayoyin halitta don gano mahaɗan da ke cikin shuke-shuken shinkafa - apigenin da sauran flavonoids - waɗanda ke haɓaka aikin daidaita nitrogen na ƙwayoyin cuta.
Daga nan suka gano hanyoyin samar da sinadarai kuma suka yi amfani da fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta ta CRISPR don ƙara yawan samar da sinadarai da ke ƙarfafa samuwar biofilm. Waɗannan biofilms ɗin suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haɓaka canjin nitrogen. Sakamakon haka, ayyukan daidaita nitrogen na ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙaruwa kuma adadin ammonium da ake da shi a shuka yana ƙaruwa.
Masu binciken sun rubuta a cikin takardar cewa, "Tasirin da aka samu na shukar shinkafa ya nuna karuwar yawan amfanin gona lokacin da aka noma a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai ƙarancin nitrogen." "Sakamakonmu yana goyon bayan sarrafa hanyar biosynthesis ta flavonoid a matsayin hanyar haifar da sinadarin nitrogen a cikin hatsi da rage yawan nitrogen da ba shi da sinadarai. Amfani da taki. Dabaru na Gaske."
Sauran masana'antu kuma za su iya amfani da wannan hanyar. Jami'ar California ta nemi takardar izinin mallakar fasaha kuma a halin yanzu tana jiran ta. Gidauniyar Will W. Lester ce ta ɗauki nauyin binciken. Bugu da ƙari, Bayer CropScience tana goyon bayan ƙarin bincike kan wannan batu.
"Takin nitrogen suna da tsada sosai," in ji Blumwald. "Duk wani abu da zai iya kawar da waɗannan kuɗaɗen yana da mahimmanci. A gefe guda, batun kuɗi ne, amma nitrogen kuma yana da illa ga muhalli."
Yawancin takin da aka yi amfani da su suna ɓacewa, suna shiga cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Binciken Blumwald zai iya taimakawa wajen kare muhalli ta hanyar rage gurɓatar nitrogen. "Wannan zai iya samar da wata hanyar noma mai ɗorewa wadda za ta rage amfani da takin nitrogen mai yawa," in ji shi.